FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Volume 340:1933-1940 June 24, 1999 Number 25 Next

	Full Text PDF Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited Related Article Related Article by Ascherio, A. PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Metabolic studies suggest that fatty acids containing at least one double bond in the trans configuration, which are found in hydrogenated fat, have a detrimental effect on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels as compared with unsaturated fatty acids containing double bonds only in the cis configuration. We compared the effects of diets with a broad range of trans fatty acids on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Methods Eighteen women and 18 men consumed each of six diets in random order for 35-day periods. The foods were identical in each diet, and each diet provided 30 percent of calories as fat, with two thirds of the fat contributed as soybean oil (<0.5 g of trans fatty acid per 100 g of fat), semiliquid margarine (<0.5 g per 100 g), soft margarine (7.4 g per 100 g), shortening (9.9 g per 100 g), or stick margarine (20.1 g per 100 g). The effects of those diets on serum lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and apolipoprotein levels were compared with those of a diet enriched with butter, which has a high content of saturated fat.

Results The mean (±SD) serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level was 177±32 mg per deciliter (4.58±0.85 mmol per liter) and the mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was 45±10 mg per deciliter (1.2±0.26 mmol per liter) after subjects consumed the butter-enriched diet. The LDL cholesterol level was reduced on average by 12 percent, 11 percent, 9 percent, 7 percent, and 5 percent, respectively, after subjects consumed the diets enriched with soybean oil, semiliquid margarine, soft margarine, shortening, and stick margarine; the HDL cholesterol level was reduced by 3 percent, 4 percent, 4 percent, 4 percent, and 6 percent, respectively. Ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol were lowest after the consumption of the soybean-oil diet and semiliquid-margarine diet and highest after the stick-margarine diet.

Conclusions Our findings indicate that the consumption of products that are low in trans fatty acids and saturated fat has beneficial effects on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Source Information

From the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston (A.H.L., S.M.J., E.J.S.); and the School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Medford, Mass. (L.M.A.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Lichtenstein at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, or at lichtenst_li{at}hnrc.tufts.edu.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Hydrogenated Fats and Serum Cholesterol Levels
Klurfeld D. M., Holub B. J., Lichtenstein A. H., Ausman L. M., Schaefer E. J.
Extract | Full Text  
N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1396-1397, Oct 28, 1999. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Chardigny, J.-M., Destaillats, F., Malpuech-Brugere, C., Moulin, J., Bauman, D. E, Lock, A. L, Barbano, D. M, Mensink, R. P, Bezelgues, J.-B., Chaumont, P., Combe, N., Cristiani, I., Joffre, F., German, J B., Dionisi, F., Boirie, Y., Sebedio, J.-L. (2008). Do trans fatty acids from industrially produced sources and from natural sources have the same effect on cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy subjects? Results of the trans Fatty Acids Collaboration (TRANSFACT) study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 558-566 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Motard-Belanger, A., Charest, A., Grenier, G., Paquin, P., Chouinard, Y., Lemieux, S., Couture, P., Lamarche, B. (2008). Study of the effect of trans fatty acids from ruminants on blood lipids and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 593-599 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Esmaillzadeh, A., Azadbakht, L. (2008). Consumption of Hydrogenated Versus Nonhydrogenated Vegetable Oils and Risk of Insulin Resistance and the Metabolic Syndrome Among Iranian Adult Women. Diabetes Care 31: 223-226 [Full Text]  
• Merchant, A. T, Kelemen, L. E, de Koning, L., Lonn, E., Vuksan, V., Jacobs, R., Davis, B., Teo, K. K, Yusuf, S., Anand, S. S, for the SHARE and SHARE-AP investigators, (2008). Interrelation of saturated fat, trans fat, alcohol intake, and subclinical atherosclerosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 168-174 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eckel, R. H., Borra, S., Lichtenstein, A. H., Yin-Piazza, S. Y. (2007). Understanding the Complexity of Trans Fatty Acid Reduction in the American Diet: American Heart Association Trans Fat Conference 2006: Report of the Trans Fat Conference Planning Group. Circulation 115: 2231-2246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hilpert, K. F, West, S. G, Kris-Etherton, P. M, Hecker, K. D, Simpson, N. M, Alaupovic, P. (2007). Postprandial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins and vascular reactivity in type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 369-376 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zaloga, G. P., Harvey, K. A., Stillwell, W., Siddiqui, R. (2006). Trans Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease. Nutr Clin Pract 21: 505-512 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lichtenstein, A. H, Matthan, N. R, Jalbert, S. M, Resteghini, N. A, Schaefer, E. J, Ausman, L. M (2006). Novel soybean oils with different fatty acid profiles alter cardiovascular disease risk factors in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects.. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84: 497-504 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zarraga, I. G.E., Schwarz, E. R. (2006). Impact of Dietary Patterns and Interventions on Cardiovascular Health. Circulation 114: 961-973 [Full Text]  
• Lichtenstein, A. H. (2006). Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Dietary fat, carbohydrate, and protein: effects on plasma lipoprotein patterns. J. Lipid Res. 47: 1661-1667 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lichtenstein, A. H., Appel, L. J., Brands, M., Carnethon, M., Daniels, S., Franch, H. A., Franklin, B., Kris-Etherton, P., Harris, W. S., Howard, B., Karanja, N., Lefevre, M., Rudel, L., Sacks, F., Van Horn, L., Winston, M., Wylie-Rosett, J. (2006). Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 114: 82-96 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vega-Lopez, S., Ausman, L. M, Jalbert, S. M, Erkkila, A. T, Lichtenstein, A. H (2006). Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84: 54-62 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mozaffarian, D., Katan, M. B., Ascherio, A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C. (2006). Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. NEJM 354: 1601-1613 [Full Text]  
• Desroches, S., Chouinard, P Y., Galibois, I., Corneau, L., Delisle, J., Lamarche, B., Couture, P., Bergeron, N. (2005). Lack of effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids naturally incorporated into butter on the lipid profile and body composition of overweight and obese men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 309-319 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tsai, C.-J., Leitzmann, M. F., Willett, W. C., Giovannucci, E. L. (2005). Long-term Intake of trans-Fatty Acids and Risk of Gallstone Disease in Men. Arch Intern Med 165: 1011-1015 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dorfman, S. E., Wang, S., Vega-Lopez, S., Jauhiainen, M., Lichtenstein, A. H. (2005). Dietary Fatty Acids and Cholesterol Differentially Modulate HDL Cholesterol Metabolism in Golden-Syrian Hamsters. J. Nutr. 135: 492-498 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lopez-Garcia, E., Schulze, M. B., Meigs, J. B., Manson, J. E., Rifai, N., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B. (2005). Consumption of Trans Fatty Acids Is Related to Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction. J. Nutr. 135: 562-566 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mozaffarian, D., Rimm, E. B, Herrington, D. M (2004). Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80: 1175-1184 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Matthan, N. R., Welty, F. K., Barrett, P. H. R., Harausz, C., Dolnikowski, G. G., Parks, J. S., Eckel, R. H., Schaefer, E. J., Lichtenstein, A. H. (2004). Dietary Hydrogenated Fat Increases High-Density Lipoprotein apoA-I Catabolism and Decreases Low-Density Lipoprotein apoB-100 Catabolism in Hypercholesterolemic Women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 24: 1092-1097 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rastogi, T., Reddy, K S., Vaz, M., Spiegelman, D., Prabhakaran, D, Willett, W. C, Stampfer, M. J, Ascherio, A. (2004). Diet and risk of ischemic heart disease in India. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 582-592 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Clifton, P. M., Keogh, J. B., Noakes, M. (2004). Trans Fatty Acids in Adipose Tissue and the Food Supply Are Associated with Myocardial Infarction. J. Nutr. 134: 874-879 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Han, S. N., Leka, L. S., Lichtenstein, A. H., Ausman, L. M., Meydani, S. N. (2003). Effect of a therapeutic lifestyle change diet on immune functions of moderately hypercholesterolemic humans. J. Lipid Res. 44: 2304-2310 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mauger, J.-F., Lichtenstein, A. H, Ausman, L. M, Jalbert, S. M, Jauhiainen, M., Ehnholm, C., Lamarche, B. (2003). Effect of different forms of dietary hydrogenated fats on LDL particle size. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78: 370-375 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gatto, L. M, Sullivan, D. R, Samman, S. (2003). Postprandial effects of dietary trans fatty acids on apolipoprotein(a) and cholesteryl ester transfer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77: 1119-1124 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baylin, A., Kabagambe, E. K., Ascherio, A., Spiegelman, D., Campos, H. (2003). High 18:2 Trans-Fatty Acids in Adipose Tissue Are Associated with Increased Risk of Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction in Costa Rican Adults. J. Nutr. 133: 1186-1191 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2002). References. Circulation 106: 3373-3421 [Full Text]  
• Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C. (2002). Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. JAMA 288: 2569-2578 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Han, S. N., Leka, L. S., Lichtenstein, A. H., Ausman, L. M., Schaefer, E. J., Meydani, S. N. (2002). Effect of hydrogenated and saturated, relative to polyunsaturated, fat on immune and inflammatory responses of adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J. Lipid Res. 43: 445-452 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lichtenstein, A. H., Ausman, L. M., Jalbert, S. M., Vilella-Bach, M., Jauhiainen, M., McGladdery, S., Erkkila, A. T., Ehnholm, C., Frohlich, J., Schaefer, E. J. (2002). Efficacy of a Therapeutic Lifestyle Change/Step 2 diet in moderately hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly female and male subjects. J. Lipid Res. 43: 264-273 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schaefer, E. J (2002). Lipoproteins, nutrition, and heart disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75: 191-212 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Worgall, T. S., Johnson, R. A., Seo, T., Gierens, H., Deckelbaum, R. J. (2002). Unsaturated Fatty Acid-mediated Decreases in Sterol Regulatory Element-mediated Gene Transcription Are Linked to Cellular Sphingolipid Metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 3878-3885 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Matthan, N. R., Cianflone, K., Lichtenstein, A. H., Ausman, L. M., Jauhiainen, M., Jones, P. J. H. (2001). Hydrogenated fat consumption affects acylation- stimulating protein levels and cholesterol esterification rates in moderately hypercholesterolemic women. J. Lipid Res. 42: 1841-1848 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lichtenstein, A. H., Jauhiainen, M., McGladdery, S., Ausman, L. M., Jalbert, S. M., Vilella-Bach, M., Ehnholm, C., Frohlich, J., Schaefer, E. J. (2001). Impact of hydrogenated fat on high density lipoprotein subfractions and metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 42: 597-604 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Krauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B., Appel, L. J., Daniels, S. R., Deckelbaum, R. J., Erdman, J. W. Jr, Kris-Etherton, P., Goldberg, I. J., Kotchen, T. A., Lichtenstein, A. H., Mitch, W. E., Mullis, R., Robinson, K., Wylie-Rosett, J., St. Jeor, S., Suttie, J., Tribble, D. L., Bazzarre, T. L. (2001). AHA Scientific Statement: AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. J. Nutr. 131: 132-146 [Full Text]  
• Denke, M. A., Adams-Huet, B., Nguyen, A. T. (2000). Individual Cholesterol Variation in Response to a Margarine- or Butter-Based Diet: A Study in Families. JAMA 284: 2740-2747 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dashti, N., Feng, Q., Franklin, F. A. (2000). Long-term effects of cis and trans monounsaturated (18:1) and saturated (16:0) fatty acids on the synthesis and secretion of apolipoprotein A-I- and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in HepG2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 41: 1980-1990 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kwok, T., Woo, J., Ho, S., Sham, A. (2000). Vegetarianism and Ischemic Heart Disease in Older Chinese Women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 19: 622-627 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Matthan, N. R., Ausman, L. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Jones, P. J. H. (2000). Hydrogenated fat consumption affects cholesterol synthesis in moderately hypercholesterolemic women. J. Lipid Res. 41: 834-839 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jenkins, D. J., Kendall, C. W., Vuksan, V. (2000). Viscous fibers, health claims, and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk1. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71: 401-402 [Full Text]  
• Feldman, E. B (1999). Assorted monounsaturated fatty acids promote healthy hearts. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70: 953-954 [Full Text]  
• Klurfeld, D. M., Holub, B. J., Lichtenstein, A. H., Ausman, L. M., Schaefer, E. J. (1999). Hydrogenated Fats and Serum Cholesterol Levels. NEJM 341: 1396-1397 [Full Text]  
• (1999). Dietary Fats and Serum Lipid Levels. Journal Watch Cardiology 1999: 8-8 [Full Text]  
• (1999). Dietary Trans Fatty Acids and Serum Lipids. JWatch General 1999: 6-6 [Full Text]  
• Ascherio, A., Katan, M. B., Zock, P. L., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C. (1999). Trans Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease. NEJM 340: 1994-1998 [Full Text]